aspectual verb

Országok listájaHungaryMiskolci EgyetemBölcsészettudományi KarAnglisztikaLeíró NyelvtanJegyzetekaspectual verb

Categories related to the verb:
aspects and aspectual verb types


1 Aspect

The category of aspect has to be grouped together with those linguistic means indicating the focus of the speaker’s interest in the sentence. There may be cases in communication where the process/state described in the sentence is of special interest of the speaker. He may want to draw attention to it, bringing into prominence its actual progress/continuation in time, its temporariness or its incompletion. There will be other cases in communication where it is sufficient to present the process/state as a mere occurrence or fact. This is the case if the process/state is not in the focus of the speaker’s attention , his interest centring on other parts of the sentence. (Giering et al. 1984:165-6)

Aspect is the grammatical category representing distinctions in the temporal structure of an event. Quite independently of its location in time, an event may be viewed as having any of a number of different temporal organisations: it may be seen as having internal structure or as consisting of an unanalysable whole; it may be seen as extending over a period of time or as occurring in a single moment; it may be seen as a single occurrence or as a series of repeated occurrences; it may be seen as beginning, continuing or ending. All these and other are types of aspect. (Trask 1999a:23)

Although both aspect and tense are concerned with time, they are concerned with time in very different ways. Tense is a deictic category, i.e. locates situations in time usually with reference to the present moment though also with reference to other situations. Aspect is concerned with the internal temporal constituency of the one situation. (Comrie 1993:5)

Compared to many other languages, English has a rather modest aspectual system but aspect is still important in English.


2 Aspect and aspectual verb types


2.1 The sentences She smoked and She smokes illustrate perfective aspect (the event is viewed as an unanalysable whole) (Trask 1999a:23). Perfective is an aspectual category involving a lack of explicit reference to the internal temporal consisitency of a situation and contrasting principally with the imperfective (Trask 1999b:204

2.1.1 Some languages display further aspectual forms, such as the punctual aspect (the event is viewed as occurring in a single moment). English has no special form for this but compare Basque, which distinguishes Agertu zen ‘She appeared’ (for a moment) from Agertzen zen ‘She appeared’ (over a period of time) (Trask 1999a:24). In Hungarian there are several suffixes which serve to mark verbs of punctual aspect such as zörren ‘make/give a short clattering sound’ (cf. zörög ‘rattle, rustle’) (Comrie 1993:43). The punctual aspect is a subdivision of the perfective. (Trask 1999b:224)

Verbs expressing the punctual aspect so the plain form is appropriate are as follows: cough, reach, stand up (Comrie 1993:42-3) hit, jump, eat, kick, stab, strike, throw etc.


2.2 Imperfective aspect (the action is viewed as having some kind of internal structure). (Trask 1999a:23)


2.2.1 She was smoking shows continuous (or progressive) aspect (the event is viewed as extending over time) (Trask 1999a:23). The progressive aspect is expressed by the temporal auxiliary be i. e. by continuous tenses (Trask 1999b:21).
Ï%These flats are being built so fast that they are changing the profile of the district almost hourly. (progress)
Ï%At present I am earning ¤ 4 a week. (temporariness)
Ï%When I saw him, he was running away. (incompletion) (Giering et al. 1984:166) Cf. I saw him run/running away. I saw him cross/crossing the road.

Certain semantic groups of verbs usually take the plain form (V, V-s, V-ed) because they almost always denote inherent or permanent proterties of, or relations between, individuals (Giering et al. 1984:169). These are
verbs of relation: apply to, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve, equal, fit, have, include, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, own, possess, require, seem, suffice etc.,
verbs of mental perception: hear, see, smell, taste, feel etc.,
verbs of mental states and emotional attitudes: adore, astonish, believe, desire, dislike, doubt, forgive, guess, hate, intend, know, like, love, mean, mind, please, prefer, realise, recognise, regard, remember, suppose, think, understand, want, wish etc.

2.2.2 The sentences She used to smoke and She smokes exhibit habitual aspect (the event is viewed as a customary or habitual one). The semi-auxiliary verb expressing habitual aspect is used to (Trask 1999a:23, 24).

2.2.3 She kept smoking illustrates iterative aspect (the action is viewed as a series of repeated events) (Trask 1999a:23). Verbs expressing iterative aspect are keep, keep on (Trask 2000:16).
The verbs that typically signify punctual concepts, describing momentary acts, are interpreted as repeated acts, not as single acts in continuous tenses: He's kicking the box, She's coughing.

2.2.4 The durative aspect expresses an action or state which is perceived as lasting for a certain length of time. The durative aspect is a subdivision of imperfective aspect, and it appears that few languages have distinct form for representing durative aspect explicitly. In English it is most usually expressed by the simple past or present forms as in I waited for an hour (Trask 1999b:87).

2.3 She started smoking exhibits inchoative aspect (the event is viewed as just beginning) (Trask 1999a:23). Verbs expressing inchoative aspect are start, begin (Trask 2000:16).


2.4 She quit smoking exhibits conclusive aspect (the event is viewed as drawing to close) (Trask 1999a:23). Verbs expressing conclusive aspect are stop, quit, finish (Trask 2000:16).


2.5 Note: English has a distinctive form, the perfect form, which has several functions but most typically expresses a state resulting from an earlier event. For example, the perfect form She had finished the wine most obviously means ‘There was no wine then because she drank the last of it earlier’. (Trask 1999a:24)


Aspect must be carefully distinguished from tense, even though the formal expression of the two categories is often deeply intertwined in languages.




Bibliography

Comrie 1993
Comrie, Bernard. Aspect : an introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems. Reprinted 1993, ©1976. ix, 142 p. : ill. ; 22.7 cm (Cambridge textbooks in linguistics) ISBN 0-521-29045-7

Giering et al 1984
Giering, Dieter et al. English grammar : a university handbook. 4., unveränderte Auflage. VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie, 1984. 406 S. : ill. ; 24,6 cm ISBN ---

Trask 1999a
Trask, R. L. Key concepts in language and linguistics. Reprinted. London ; New York : Routledge, 1999. xviii, 178 p. ; 19.8 cm (Key concepts, ISSN ---) ISBN 0-415-15742-0

Trask 1999b
Trask, R. L. A dictionary of grammatical terms and linguistics. Reprinted. London ; New York : Routledge, 1999. xv, 335 p. : ill. ; 21.7 cm ISBN 0-435-08628-0

Trask 2000
Trask, R. L. The Penguin dictionary of English grammar. Harmondsworth : Penguin Books, 2000. 148, [1] p. ; 19.6 cm ISBN 0-14-051464-3











Table 1 Correlation between aspects and verb forms/types

Grammaticalised expression of aspect Lexicalised expression of aspect Aspects Perfective
Aspect Simple Present and Simple Past Punctual
Aspect Simple Past Tense Verbs with a meaning incorporating punctualness: explode, cough, reach, stand up, hit, jump, eat, kick, sneeze, stab, strike, throw etc.

Imperfective Aspect

Continuous (Progressive) Aspect Continuous Tenses Verbs of relation: apply to, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve, equal, fit, have, include, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, own, possess, require, seem, suffice etc. Verbs of mental perception: hear, see, smell, taste, feel etc. Verbs of mental states and emotional attitudes: adore, astonish, believe, desire, dislike, doubt, forgive, guess, hate, intend, know, like, love, mean, mind, please, prefer, realise, recognise, regard, remember, suppose, think, understand, want, wish etc. Habitual (Consuetudinal) Aspect Simple Present Tense Modal auxiliary used to referring to past time Iterative (Frequentative) Aspect Verbs signifying punctual concepts are used in continuous tenses With the help of verbs keep and keep on Durative Aspect Simple Past and Present Tenses Use of adverbs about and around: walk around, play about Inchoative (Inceptive/Ingressive)
Aspect Verbs expressing inchoative aspect are start, begin Conclusive (Egressive)
Aspect Verbs expressing conclusive aspect are stop, quit, finish Perfect
Aspect Perfect TenseAQc©É


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